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    <div id="tip_area"><p id="tip_article">济宁医学院精神卫生学院英语翻译竞赛参评译文</p></div>
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            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p class="author_tip">LYF 同学译文</p>
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            <div class="english article">
                <p class="author_tip">英文原文</p>
                <p class="article_title">Chronic Collectors</p>
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            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p class="author_tip">W 老师修改的译文</p>
                <p class="article_title">长期收集者</p>
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                <p>有太多邮票？棒球卡？上等的车？责怪你的脑袋吧！</p>
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                <p>Got too many stamps? Baseball cards? Vintage cars? Blame your brain.</p>
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                <p>有太多邮票？棒球卡？老牌车？怪你的脑子。</p>
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                <p>大概有70种动物物种，包括蝙蝠，乌鸦，它们储存的东西大多是吃的。但是有些时候除非一些物品比如说串珠。原始大脑部位，包括海马体，扁桃体，都包括在内，但是在人类高等大脑结构都也在工作中。Steven W. Anderson，爱荷华大学的神经学家，目前学习了各种地区86个有身体组织损伤的人，里面有13人都是不正常的收集者，把他们的屋子里面塞满了破烂物品，浪费的食物，损坏的用品。尽管这些物品都有用处，他们不会停止贮存或者丢弃它们。这种与众不同的行为有时会造成严重的个人或法律问题，比如说回收。</p>
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                <p>About 70 animal species, including rats and crows, hoard things—mostly food but occasionally useless objects such as beads. Primitive brain regions, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are involved, but in humans higher brain structures are at work as well. Steven W. Anderson, a neurologist at the University of Iowa, recently studied 86 people who had lesions in various well-defined areas; of the total, 13 were "abnormal collectors," filling their homes with everything from junk mail to spoiled food or broken appliances. Although the subjects had average intelligence and reasoning ability, they would not stop hoarding nor allow anything to be discarded. This kind of defiant behavior can sometimes cause serious personal and even legal problems, such as eviction.</p>
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                <p>大约有70种动物，包括蝙蝠和乌鸦，储藏东西—多是食物，但有时也有无用的东西例如串珠。原始脑区，包括海马和杏仁核与此有关，但是在人类也涉及更高级的脑结构。爱荷华大学的神经学家Steven W. Anderson最近研究了86名有明确不同脑区损伤的人，其中13人是“异常收集者”，他们家里塞满了各种东西，从垃圾邮件到变质食物或破旧电器。尽管这些人智力和推理能力不差，他们常常是不断地贮存而不舍得扔任何东西。这种冒犯行为有时会引起严重的个人乃至法律问题，例如被驱逐。</p>
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                <p>运用高分辨磁共振技术，Anderson发现一共有13个对于中枢的伤害。当这个特殊的区域被伤害，最原始的推动力放松了大脑的指挥，Anderson说。他希望扩大它的工作去定义那些最原始的正常的收集行为。</p>
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                <p>Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, Anderson found that all 13 had suffered damage to the right mesial frontal region. When this particular area is injured, "the very primitive collecting urge loses its guidance," Anderson says. He hopes to extend his work to defining the origins of normal collecting behavior.</p>
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                <p>使用高分辨磁共振成像，Anderson发现这13人都有右额叶内侧区损伤。Anderson说，当这个特殊区域受伤，"最原始的收集欲望失控”。他希望扩展他的工作，弄清正常收集行为的起源。</p>
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                <p class="article_title">Smart Exercise</p>
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                <p class="article_title">聪明的运动</p>
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                <p>适量的老年运动似乎使脑和身体强健， M. van Gelder来自国际公共健康和环境学院，在荷兰和他的同事发现老年人参加一些适当密度的运动会比他们的同龄人更强健。</p>
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                <p>Moderate physical activity in old age appears to invigorate the mind as well as the body. B. M. van Gelder of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands and his colleagues have found that elderly men who partake in moderately intense activities stay sharper than their less energetic counterparts.</p>
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                <p>老年人适度体育活动似乎能促进心身强健。荷兰国家公共卫生和环境研究院的B.M. van Gelder和他的同事发现，积极参与适当强度运动的老年人比不太活动的同龄人更敏捷。</p>
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                <p>众多学习研究中有一项评价了身体运动一段很长的时间，这些调查者从1990 年开始它们的研究追踪运动习惯和心理健康对于70-90岁的295个人。这些人大多都退休一段时间了。低密度运动的成员们，玩台球或是慢跑（一小时3里），表现出了比那些玩排球和跑步（一小时3里）的人来说有3.5的意识形态降低（叫做中低密度运动组）但是中等密度和高密度的组员们（那些在健身房或是游泳）和中低密度组员几乎是一样的结果，表明年轻人可以避免一些身体素质降低，如果通过适量锻炼的话。</p>
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                <p>In one of the few studies to assess physical activity and cognition over a long period, the researchers began in 1990 to track the exercise habits and mental abilities of 295 men ages 70 to 90. The subjects were monitored for an entire decade. Members of the lowest-intensity group, whose pursuits included playing billiards or walking at a pace less than three miles per hour, showed a cognitive decline that was up to 3.5 times greater than that of men who played volleyball or walked at three miles per hour (called the medium-low-intensity group). And yet men in the medium- and high-intensity categories (those who engaged in gymnastics or swimming, respectively) did about the same as the medium-low-intensity set, indicating that seniors can stave off some decline with just moderate exercise.</p>
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                <p>一些研究长期评估体育运动和认知，其中一项的研究者从1990 年开始，追踪研究了295例年龄在70-90岁男人的运动习惯和心理能力。这些人被监测了整十年。最低运动强度组的成员参与打台球或以低于每小时3英里的速度步行，他们的认知下降比那些打排球或每小时步行3英里的男性（称为中低运动强度组）大3.5倍。而中高运动强度组的男性（分别从事健身运动或游泳）认知能力与中低运动强度组的相同，表明老年人中度运动就能延缓某些功能下降。</p>
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                <p>但是锻炼是如何影响人的心理活动的，van Gelder小组探索出来可能是有关于心血管健康，它能够让大脑血流量增加，或者运动能激发脑细胞的海马体（长期记忆的指挥中心）。</p>
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                <p>As for how exercise benefits mental capabilities, van Gelder's group speculates that it may be the result of better cardiovascular fitness, which boosts cerebral blood flow. Or the physical activity may stimulate brain cells in the hippocampus, the center of long-term memory.</p>
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                <p>至于运动为什么有益于心理能力，van Gelder的小组推测，可能是心血管功能改善，增加了脑血流。或者是，体育活动可刺激海马的脑细胞，海马是长期记忆的中枢。</p>
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                <p class="article_title">Primates Protest: Unfair!</p>
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                <p class="article_title">灵长类抗议：不公平</p>
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                <p>人类不是唯一知道自己遭到不公平待遇的动物，猴子和星星也一样。（根据yerkes国际研究中心的结论）这些发现提供了社会环境和关系是如何改变人类的决定的Sarah F. Brosnan,在中心做出这样的结论报告。</p>
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                <p>People aren't the only animals who know when they've gotten a raw deal. So do monkeys and chimpanzees, according to some clever experiments concluded recently at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Atlanta. The findings provide insight into how social environment and relationships sway human decision making, reports Sarah F. Brosnan, who conducted the studies with Frans de Waal at the center.</p>
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                <p>人类不是唯一知道自己受到不公平待遇的动物。猴子和黑猩猩也知道，这是亚特兰大耶基斯国家灵长类研究中心最近的一些创新性研究得出的结论。中心负责这些研究的Brosnan和Frans de Waal报道说，这些发现能帮助理解社会环境和社会关系是怎样影响人类决策的。</p>
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                <p>非人类的灵长动物回应社会的不公的方式表明这种判断深深地扎根在了进化之中。Brosnan 和e waal 给猴子花岗岩的鹅卵石让它们把石头交给调查者，修士得到了一个银子的黄瓜，猴子们完成了接下来的95%的时间。</p>
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                <p>That nonhuman primates react to social unfairness suggests that such judgment is deeply rooted in evolution. In one experiment, Brosnan and de Waal gave female capuchin monkeys granite pebbles and asked them to hand the pebbles back to the researcher. Capuchins that did so received a sliver of cucumber. The monkeys completed the exchanges 95 percent of the time.</p>
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                <p>非人类灵长类动物对社会性不公的反应表明这种判断深深起源于进化。在一项实验中，Brosnan 和 de Waal给雌性卷尾候花岗岩鹅卵石并让它们再交还给研究者。完成后卷尾猴得到一块黄瓜。在95%的时间里猴子们都能完成交换。</p>
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                <p>当科学家们奖励某些猴子垂涎的葡萄时，其他的动物变得不太合作，它们的直觉变得更加强烈当那些得到奖励的猴子甚至不需要去完成任务，那些被冒犯的动物拒绝交还鹅卵石或者把他们的黄瓜扔向调查者。</p>
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                <p>When scientists upped the reward to a coveted grape and gave it only to certain monkeys, the short-changed primates became less cooperative. Their apparent sense of inequity grew much more pronounced when the favored monkeys did not even have to perform a task for a grape; some of the offended animals refused to hand over the pebble or threw their measly cucumber at the researcher.</p>
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                <p>当科学家们将奖励提升为一个诱人的葡萄并只给某些猴子，被慢待的猴子变的不那么合作了。当受到优待的猴子甚至不必操作就得到葡萄，被慢待的猴子表现的不公平感变的非常明显；有些生气的猴子拒绝交回鹅卵石或将他们的孬黄瓜扔向研究者。</p>
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                <p>社会关系可引起不满，但是，在一些独立的研究中，那些一起长大并一起生活了30年的大猩猩在面对不公平的奖赏时，没有表现出沮丧。但是那些有成年星星养大的对待不公平时就会变得激怒。Brosnan说这样的行为有点像人类的行为，人们更可能在有陌生人的群体里表明对不公平的不满而不是在自己的朋友圈里。</p>
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                <p>Social relationships can temper dissatisfaction, however. In a separate study, chimpanzees that had been raised together and lived with one another for 30 years displayed no frustration when unequal rewards were given. But chimps that had met only as adults and lived together for eight years still became agitated at inequity. Brosnan says these reactions closely parallel human behavior. People are more likely, for example, to respond negatively to an unfair situation involving a stranger than they are with good friends or spouses.</p>
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                <p>然而，社会关系可缓和不满。在另一项研究中，那些一起长大共同生活了30年的黑猩猩在面对不公平的奖赏时，没有表现出沮丧。但那些成年相遇共同生活了8年的黑猩猩面对不公平时仍然变得焦躁。Brosnan说这些反应与人类行为十分相同。例如，人们对涉及生人的不公平境遇比涉及密友或配偶的不公平境遇更可能反应消极。</p>
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                <p class="article_title">Big Pharma on Trial</p>
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                <p class="article_title">大药企受考验</p>
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                <p>对于制药行业来说这或许是个不好的消息，对于可以的掩饰有可能会引起自杀的风险，尤其是在青少年中，大量使用5-羟色胺来对抗抑郁。</p>
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                <p>It has been a depressing season for the drug industry, following reports of an alleged cover-up concerning suicidal risks in adolescents who take the widely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to fight depression.</p>
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                <p>有关青少年为治疗抑郁服用广泛使用的选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRIs）后有自杀风险的信息被掩盖，此类报道一出，此后就一直是制药行业的沮丧期。</p>
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                <p>在十月份，在公告协会收到关于隐藏药物实验数据的一个月前，“抗抑郁药：好的药物还是好的市场？”食品药物管理局提出SSRI隐藏这一个黑色的秘密标签，警告消费者可能会发生自杀的风险，尤其是青少年们。，与此同时，Merck被从市场上调出因为他没有说出关于心脏病的危险。在九月份，GlaxoSmith被指控采摘樱桃，药物试验提示了他的抗抑郁药paxil，要面临ABC新闻的文件诉讼。</p>
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                <p>In October, a month after highly publicized advisory committee hearings about hiding data from drug trials [see "Antidepressants: Good Drugs or Good Marketing?" by David Dobbs; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND, Premier, 2004], the Food and Drug Administration required that SSRIs carry a "black box" label warning consumers of increased suicide risk among children and adolescents. At the same time, Merck was pulling from the market its lucrative arthritis medication, Vioxx, amid accusations it had failed to convey data about heart attack risks. And in December, GlaxoSmith-Kline, already accused of cherry-picking drug trial results about its antidepressant Paxil, faced reports from ABC News about additional documents supporting those charges.</p>
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                <p>十月份，有关隐匿药物试验数据的咨询委员会听证会被广泛报道后一个月[见“抗抑郁药：好药还是好的营销？” David Dobbs;科学美国人 心理，首期，2004]，食品药物管理局要求SSRIs要有黑框标记警示消费者此药增加儿童和青少年自杀危险。同时，默克公司也在从市场收回他的赚钱的关节炎药万络，因谴责中涉及默克公司没有发布该药有心脏病发作风险的数据。十二月，葛兰素史克公司，已经因挑选其抗抑郁药赛乐特的药物试验结果而受到谴责，又被美国广播公司新闻网报导了支持上述指控的补充文件。</p>
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                <p>大概这些话语更新了关于SSRI的调查，在十月，科学杂志报道SSRI对于老鼠的实验是他们更惧怕成年老鼠，大概是通过削弱大脑的感情活动造成的。然后，在十一月，内分泌学杂志描述了prozac是如何缓慢在老鼠体内蔓延是他们成长缓慢的原因，为我们试验提供了证据，那些使用SSRI的儿童比同龄人成长缓慢。</p>
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                <p>Nearly lost amid this noise was fresh research about SSRIs. In October, Science reported that one SSRI given to young mice made them more anxious as adults, possibly by weakening the brain's mood-modulating abilities. Then, in November, Endocrinology described how Prozac slowed bone growth in young mice, lending experimental support to human studies suggesting that children who took SSRIs grew less than their peers.</p>
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                <p>有关SSRIs的最新研究几乎淹没在这些噪音中。十月，科学杂志报道给年轻鼠使用一种SSRI，鼠成年后更焦虑，可能是药物削弱了脑的调节情绪能力。随后在十一月，内分泌学杂志描述了百忧解延缓年轻鼠骨生长的机制，将试验证据延伸到人类研究提示服用SSRIs的儿童比同龄人生长慢。</p>
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                <p>由于伤害的原因，许多制药厂和他们的组，药学杂志和美国的制造商，宣称计划公布所有药物的实验结果，一些公认的批评将不会存在因为这些行动都是志愿的。但是David Graham，FDA的首席药物安全总裁，他说除了独立没有一件事能够监督药物的安全和他们的价值。</p>
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                <p>For damage control, several drug companies and their trade group, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, announced plans to publish all drug trial results—a measure critics dismissed because the practice would be voluntary. But, a chief drug safety officer at the FDA, had said at the Vioxx hearings that nothing less than an independent office would be needed to oversee the safety of drugs after their approval.</p>
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                <p>为控制损失，几家药企和它们的贸易组织，美国药物研究与制造商协会，宣布计划发表全部药物试验结果—这个措施评论者不接受，因为这是虚假的自愿。而且食品药物管理局首席药品安全官员David Graham已在万络听证会上说过，药品被批准后监测其安全性需要的是一个独立机构。</p>
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                <p>许多观察着推荐国会的调查员，注册它们的学位，比如说博士，编辑，公众们能评估所给出药物的每一项结果，不仅仅要报道药物的优点。企业的监督员已经实施该项登记已经25年了。11家有很高声誉的医疗杂志称述他们不会报道未经试验的研究结果。</p>
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                <p>Many observers have since recommended that Congress require investigators to register every trial at its inception so doctors, journal editors and the public can assess all results for a given drug, not just positive ones that companies seek to publish. Industry watchdogs have been demanding such a registry for 25 years. Leading the charge, 11 high-profile medical journals stated that they would not publish the outcome of trials that had not been registered at the outset.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>许多观察者此后已建议，国会规定研究者在每一项试验开始时注册，以便医生、杂志编辑和公众能评估当事药物的所有结果，而不仅是药企选择发表的阳性结果。企业监督委员会的委员们要求这种注册已经有25年了。11种高影响的医学杂志率先声明，不再发表开始时没有注册的试验结果。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
       <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>为了将该项活动引领新的潮流，加利福尼亚的Henry Waxman打算重新介绍医疗评估标准。观察者说，我们将会继续执行不管公众媒体的压力，我们都不会改变。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>In an attempt to bring this activity to a head, Representatives Henry Waxman of California and Edward Markey of Massachusetts plan to reintroduce the Fair Access to Clinical Trials Act, which would create a federal registry. Its fate, observers say, will hinge on whether public and media pressure for change continues.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>为了尽快实施这项活动，加利福尼亚的Henry Waxman议员和马萨诸塞州的Edward Markey议员计划再次提出公平使用临床试验法案，该法案将设立联邦注册。观察者说，该法案的命运取决于公众和媒体施加的变革压力是否持续。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="article_title_area">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p class="article_title"></p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p class="article_title">Zen Gamma</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p class="article_title">禅伽玛</p>
            </div>
        </div>
       <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>Wisconsin大学的研究者们发现在冥想时，和尚们会变显出一种卓越的大脑同步性，就是我们所知道的伽玛同步性。就是联系着我们强健的大脑的功能，我们称之为思想。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Researchers at the University of Wisconsin – Madison have found that during meditation, Zen Buddhist monks show an extraordinary synchronization of brain waves known as gamma synchrony—a pattern increasingly associated with robust brain function and the synthesis of activity that we call the mind.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>威斯康星-麦迪逊大学的研究者已发现，佛教僧侣在冥想时脑电波十分同步化，称为伽玛同步 — 这种模式越来越认为与强健的脑功能和我们称为心理的活动综合有关。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>脑波是由低电压产生的，包括神经间的信息传导，大多数的思想活动产生20-30HZ的波长。更多的伽玛波（20-60或者甚至90HZ）控制着复杂的记忆储存和注意力。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Brain waves are produced by the extremely low voltages involved in transmitting messages among neurons. Most conscious activity produces beta waves at 13 to 30 hertz, or cycles per second. More intense gamma waves (30 to 60 or even 90 Hz) generally mark complex operations such as memory storage and sharp concentration.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>脑电波是由神经元之间传递信息产生的极低的电压所形成。大多数意识活动产生13到30赫兹或每秒13至30次周期的贝塔波。较强烈的伽玛波（30到60甚至是90赫兹）一般标志着复杂操作例如记忆储存和高度注意。</p>
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        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>Wisconsin关于佛教的研究，一组大概8个大学生，都被训练过冥想。当冥想时那些和尚所发出的伽玛波在横向和纵向都非常高，这些脑电波来自那些分开的脑组织几乎步调一致，就如神经传导一般。这种同步性持续了很长一段时间，这些学生的脑电波无处不在。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>The Wisconsin study took electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 10 long-time Buddhist practitioners and of a control group of eight college students who had been lightly trained in meditation. While meditating, the monks produced gamma waves that were extremely high in amplitude and had long-range gamma synchrony—the waves from disparate brain regions were in near lockstep, like numerous jump ropes turning precisely together. The synchrony was sustained for remarkably long periods, too. The students' gamma waves were nowhere near as strong or tuned.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>威斯康星大学的研究记录了10名长期修行佛教者和8名稍练过冥想的大学生对照的脑电图（EEGs）。冥想时，僧侣产生的伽玛波波幅很高并且范围广 — 不同脑区的波接近同步，像许多跳绳在准确的一起旋转。同步化也持续了很长时间。学生们的伽玛波没有一处接近僧侣伽玛波的强度或调节结果。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>这样的结果隐含精神上的和谐，他反应了神经组织之间的联系。伽玛的同步性增加了一个人的注意力，或者说是他们准备离开的打算，一旦缺少了这种同步性就暗示着不协调的心理活动比如说精神分裂症。最后，理论上来说成长中的身体如果产生伽玛波的话，会与大脑中许多传感器和感觉器官相联系，产生神奇的感觉反应。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Such results connote more than spiritual harmony; they reflect the coordination of otherwise scattered groups of neurons. Gamma synchrony increases as a person concentrates or prepares to move. And lack of synchrony indicates discordant mental activity such as schizophrenia. Finally, a growing body of theory proposes that gamma synchrony helps to bind the brain's many sensory and cognitive operations into the miracle of consciousness.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>这些结果不仅意味着精神协调；它们反映了分散的神经元群体的协调。当一个人集中注意或准备移动时，伽玛同步增加。缺乏同步化表明心理活动失调例如精神分裂症。最后，一种不断完善的理论体系提出，伽玛同步有助于将脑的多种感觉和认知操作结合成意识奇迹。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>假说很好的证实了和尚的伽玛阅读，似乎预示着冥想产生的不是放松的感觉而是一种安详的静谧。音乐家也表现出了伽玛同步性现象，尤其在听音乐时，十分镇静和专注。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>That hypothesis certainly agrees with the monks' gamma readings, seemingly confirming that Zen meditation produces not relaxation but an intense though serene attention. Trained musicians also show superior gamma synchrony while listening to music—another form of calm but intense focus.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>这种假说当然与僧侣们的伽玛读数一致，似乎证实禅宗冥想产生的不是放松，而是强烈而又安详的注意。训练有素的音乐家在听音乐时也显示超强的伽玛同步 — 另一种平静而又强烈集中的形式。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="article_title_area">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p class="article_title"></p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p class="article_title">Watching Prodigies for the Dark Side</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p class="article_title">关注神童的灰暗面</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>Jeffery对初中学习生活在也不感兴趣了。他没有获得课堂上所教的，他的成绩也很糟糕。他不喜欢和同学接触，只想自己独处。他也知道他的父母对他很失望。他的老师最后推荐他去找精神专家做评估，治疗者做了一份测试，他得到了IQ150以上的分数，比他的同龄人都要高，他是一个天赋异禀的孩子。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Jeffrey is just not interested in elementary school anymore. He doesn't retain what he is taught, and his grades are bad. At recess he avoids classmates and keeps to himself. He knows his parents are disappointed in him, too. His teacher finally recommends that he be taken to a child psychiatrist for evaluation. The therapist administers a special intelligence test, and Jeffrey turns out to have an IQ of 150—far above the average for his age. He is a highly gifted child.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>杰弗瑞最近不再对小学感兴趣。他记不住学过的东西，成绩也不好。休息时，他躲避同学，自己独处。他也知道父母对他失望。他的老师最终建议带他去儿童精神科医生那里做检查。治疗医师给杰弗瑞做了个特殊的智力测试，结果他的智商为150—远高于他的同龄人。他是个非常聪明的孩子。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>三分之二的学生是具有很高的天赋的，比如130IQ以上等级的。许多年轻人它们的天资使他们在学校里占很大的优势。他们会在音乐上，数学上或者科学上大放异彩。与事实相反的是少年奇才在学习上比同龄人少很多问题，更具研究表明，它们会有很少朋友，但也有可能使他们的熟人很少的缘故吧。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Two to 3 percent of children are considered highly gifted, showing IQ scores of at least 130. For many such youngsters, their extraordinary intellect gives them a real advantage in school. They may shine in music, math or science. Contrary to popular belief, child prodigies do not on average have more school or social problems than their less gifted peers, according to longitudinal studies. They may have fewer friends, but that is usually because they make greater demands of acquaintances.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>2-3%的儿童智商成绩至少130，被认为非常聪明。对于多数这类孩子来说，他们超常的智力让他们在学校中确有优势。他们可能在音乐、数学或科学方面表现出众。与通常的看法不同，根据纵向研究发现，神童们的在校问题或社交问题平均起来并不比他们的普通同学多。他们可能朋友较少，但通常是因为与他们熟识要求较高。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>但也有黑暗的一面，那些很聪明的学生IQ140-150，他们的天赋可能会变成一个陷阱，因为他们的洞察力很强，有很多成年人的想法，他们害怕失败的危险。这种感觉会使他们感情瘫痪，这是一个值得家长和老师注意的潜在危险啊。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>And yet there is a dark side. For some of the most talented—those with IQs in the 140 to 150 range—their gifts can turn out to be a trap. Because these children are so insightful at such a young age, able to make sense of adult ideas, they are constantly aware of the potential risk of failure. This awareness can immobilize them to the point of emotional paralysis, a quiet demon that parents and teachers must watch for.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>然而还是有灰暗的一面。对有些最有天赋、智商在140-150之间的儿童来说，他们的天赋可能结果是一个陷阱。因为这些儿童年龄那么小认识问题就非常深刻，能够理解成人的想法，他们常常意识到潜在的失败风险。这种意识能使他们的情绪麻木固定，这是个无声的魔鬼，父母和老师都必须小心。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>学校的考试只是一个例子，不像有些同学一次只回答一个问题，那些聪明的学生思考如何避免犯错误的危险。Jeffery的行为反映了这样的一个害怕犯错的思想。他的担忧是他的学术只达到一般的水平，他还让自己远离其他同学因为他之一那些同学会不会接受他。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>School tests pose one example. Unlike classmates who typically approach exams with a certain detachment and answer one question at a time, some highly gifted children relentlessly consider the implications of each answer and what the risks are of making an error. Jeffrey's behavior reflected this constant sense of imminent failure. His fear caused his academic performance to be barely average. He also kept himself away from the other children because he doubted they would accept him.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>学校考试就是一个例子。普通同学对待考试一般相对淡定，一道题一道题的答，而有些天赋很高的儿童反复考虑每一个答案可能产生的种种影响和做错了会有什么危险。杰弗瑞的行为反映了这种持续的面临失败感。他的害怕使他的考试成绩仅仅达到平均水平。他也不与其他儿童接触，担心他们是否会接纳他。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>错误的思想会使这个危险恶化，读写困难影响着百分之十的学生，不管他们的智力怎样。结果对于那些聪明的学生来说很重要。到了孩子该上学的时候，他发现自己的成绩很差尽管他能很容易的理解。他因此遇到一个难题为什么他的付出和成功不成正比。沮丧慢慢吞噬了他的自尊，结果甚至会导致抑郁。作为对自己的保护，这些孩子逐渐失去了对学习的兴趣，开始鼓励自己，惩罚只会是问题更严重一些卓越的孩子害怕失败，使他们感情奔溃，他们觉得这样的惩罚是不值得的，他们应该得到更多。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Developmental disorders can exacerbate the trap. Dyslexia affects about 10 percent of children, regardless of their intelligence. The consequences are particularly severe for a highly gifted child. From the moment such a child enters school, he finds that he gets poor grades even though he comprehends everything easily. He therefore encounters difficulty understanding why his efforts meet with so little success. A steady diet of frustration eats at his self-esteem. The consequence is anxiety that may even shade into depression. As a defense, the child gradually loses interest in schoolwork and begins to isolate himself from social interaction. Punishment may only make matters worse. With their well-developed sense of right and wrong, prodigies consider punishment undeserved, and they may withdraw further.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>发育障碍能加重这种困境。阅读障碍大约影响10%的儿童，不管他们的智力如何。天赋高的儿童后果会特别严重。这种儿童一入学就发现，即使他轻松理解每一件事，成绩却不好。所以他就难以明白为什么他的努力获取的成功那么小。持续的挫折侵蚀他的自尊。结果就是焦虑，甚至逐渐成为抑郁。儿童为了防御，逐渐丧失对学校作业的兴趣，开始脱离社会交往。惩罚只会使事情更糟。神童们已有了良好的是非观，知道惩罚是不应该的，所以可能会进一步退缩。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>此外，他们的自制力很强，聪明的孩子可以感觉到个人的得失。比如说，很聪明的孩子能够感觉到的是空间方向感，也破坏了他们的自我感觉。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Moreover, with their heightened self-awareness, gifted children keenly feel a personal loss caused by any developmental disorders. For example, highly gifted children may be acutely aware of a lack of physical coordination or spatial orientation, which also undermines their self-image.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>而且，天才儿童自知力高，能敏锐地感觉到发育障碍引起的个人失败。例如，天赋高的儿童可敏感的意识到身体协调差或不能空间定向，这也会损害他们的自我形象。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>有些时候，IQ测试也会误导家长和老师，一个聪明的学生，会口头上问关于考试的问题，因为考虑了得分，结果也都差不多。孩子自己的期盼和家长的话可能会使孩子的心理受到创伤。讽刺的是，一些聪明的学生经常在学校里考不好。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>In some cases, IQ tests mislead parents and teachers as well. A gifted child might excel in questions that probe verbal intelligence, say, but perform miserably on spatial reasoning skills in the labyrinth part of the test. Because both scores are typically combined, the overall result may be just average. The discrepancy between the child's own high expectations and the discouraging evaluation from the adult world may lead a boy or girl up a blind alley that is hard to resolve. The ironic and unfortunate result is that an extremely intelligent child may fail dramatically in school.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>有时候，智商测验也误导父母和老师。比如说，一个天才儿童可能对测试言语智力的问题擅长，但在测验的迷宫部分，空间推理技能做的很糟。因为两项分通常合并，总的结果可能只是一般。儿童自己的高期望和成人世界令人泄气的评估发生矛盾，导致男孩或女孩钻牛角尖难以释怀。结果不幸而又具有讽刺意味，一个极为聪明的儿童在学校可能出人意料的不及格。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="article_title_area">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p class="article_title"></p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p class="article_title">Catch It Early</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p class="article_title">早期发现</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>所以该做些什么呢？首先得认识到天赋和发展失调，这样家长和老师才能参与进来。越早的察觉表明正确率越高。比如说，5岁时，拼音的学习可以使读写困难晚发生6-18月。但是如果一年之后在治疗，纠正率就会翻番，扩大了学生辍学的机会。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>So what is to be done? The first step is to recognize exceptional intelligence as well as developmental disorders so that parents and teachers can intervene. Earlier detection means quicker correction. For instance, in five-year-olds, phonics training can clear up dyslexia within six to 18 months. But if treatment begins only a year later, the correction can take twice as long—extending the chance that the child gives up on school.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>那么怎么办呢？第一步是识别发育障碍和超常智力，以便父母和老师能够干预。早期发现意味着更快地矫正。比如，5岁时语音训练能在6-18个月内使阅读障碍好转。但如果治疗拖后仅一年，矫正要花两倍长的时间— 增加儿童放弃上学的几率。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>一个孩子的直觉是否符合年龄，通过IQ的语言和非语言测试可以得出结论。如果非语言测试的结果比语言测试的结果低10个百分点的话，最好还是进行精神上的训练吧。画画，游戏核雕刻能增加他的主观能动性，就算是5或6岁才开始这项训练还是很有效的。</p>
            </div>
            <div class="english article">
                <p>Whether a child's spatial orientation is age-appropriate can be demonstrated by comparing performance on the verbal and nonverbal sections of an IQ test. If the nonverbal result is more than 10 points below the verbal result, psychomotor training is recommended. Drawings, games and sculpting can help a child learn to coordinate his movements and improve spatial orientation. This kind of training is also most effective when begun by age five or six.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>儿童空间定向是否与年龄相适应，可通过比较智商测验的言语和非言语部分成绩来发现。如果非言语部分的得分低于言语部分10分以上，建议接受精神运动训练。绘画、游戏和雕刻能帮助儿童学习协调运动改善空间定向。这种训练也是5～6岁时开始最有效。</p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>如果语言类和非语言类的差距大于20个百分点的话，我们建议你还是考虑家庭治疗法，从而提高家庭成员之间的互动。这个环节中，治疗者会评估这个孩子是如何成长的以及这些分歧是如何产生的。有时候，一些有问题的孩子会害怕日常生活中的任务，比如说系鞋带。他知道自己会犯错误必须的重新开始，也许会忍受兄弟姐妹家人或朋友的嘲笑。如果家长尝试着去帮助他的话，他们会增加自己对家长的依赖性，一旦家长不在身旁，他们会觉得被抛弃了。为了增强孩子的独立性，治疗者必须是孩子认识到失败是生活中的一个必要的部分而不是灾难。</p>
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            <div class="english article">
                <p>If the discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal IQ tests is greater than 20 percent, family therapy should also be considered, to improve interaction among family members. During the sessions, the therapist will try to assess how the child has developed and how the testing discrepancy might have arisen. Sometimes a child with motor or orientation problems will be afraid of simple daily tasks, such as tying her shoes. She knows she will probably make mistakes and have to start over—perhaps enduring ridicule from siblings, parents or friends. If the parents try to help, they are unwittingly increasing her dependence on Mommy or Daddy. Yet if they are not around, she will quickly feel abandoned. To help the child regain her sense of independence, the therapist will try to get her to understand that failure is a normal part of life and not a catastrophe.</p>
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            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>如果智商测验的言语和非言语成绩差距大于20%，还应考虑家庭治疗，以改善家庭成员之间的交往。治疗期间，治疗者将设法评估儿童的发育情况和测验差距产生原因。有时，伴有运动或定向问题的儿童会害怕简单的日常任务如系鞋带。她知道她可能会犯错并不得不重新开始 — 可能要忍受姊妹、父母或朋友的嘲笑。如果父母设法帮助，会无意间增加了她对妈妈或爸爸的依赖。然而如果父母不在身边，她会很快有被抛弃的感觉。为了帮助儿童重获独立感，治疗者将设法使她明白失败是生活中正常的一部分，而不是灾难。</p>
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            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>一些聪明的孩子有时会因为它们自己变得不可理解而扭曲他们的性格。精神学家把这称之为失败本身，这样的问题之所以会发生是因为这些敏感的年轻人察觉到了家人的一些微妙的反应。结果就是他们会夸大一些本不该出现的误会。为了取悦他们的父母，他们否定了自己的需要而去迎合父母的期望。他们都隐藏在了自己的面具之后，为了避免发生这种错误，家长们应该为聪明的孩子提供各种活动，不管孩子们选择什么样的活动。鼓舞一个孩子的兴趣很重要，这样他就不会再以后的工作中失去动力。</p>
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            <div class="english article">
                <p>Child prodigies may also distort their own personalities to the point where they become unrecognizable. Psychiatrists call this the development of a false self. This problem may occur because these extraordinarily sensitive young people often feel deeply the subtle reactions of family members. As a result, they may overinterpret even the slightest sign of dissatisfaction. To please their parents, they deny their own needs and behave in a way they think matches their parents' expectations. They all but disappear behind a mask of compliance. To prevent this development of a false self, parents should offer a highly gifted child several varied activities and accept without judgment whatever the child chooses to pursue. It is important to encourage a child's special interests so that she does not lose motivation or a willingness to work.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>天才儿童也可能扭曲自己的人格，变得难以认出。精神病学家称之为假自我形成。这种问题的发生是因为这些非常敏感的年轻人常常强烈感受到家庭成员的微妙反应。结果他们可能过分解读甚至是最微小的不满迹象。为取悦父母，他们抑制自己的需求，按照他们认为的符合父母期望的行为表现自己。他们几乎消失在顺从面具的后面。为防止这种假自我形成，父母应给天才儿童提供多样化活动，接受儿童选择的追求而不加评判。重要的是鼓励儿童的特殊兴趣，以使她积极或情愿地去用功。</p>
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        <div class="paragraph">
            <div class="studentcn article">
                <p>当我们知道了这个潜在的陷阱存在于很多聪明的孩子的世界中，去告诉他们如何应对这些考验，这样会提高每一个人成功的几率。社会也回应此而受益，不管是在哪艺术，科学，公共服务方面，都有他们惊人的天赋引导着他们。</p>
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            <div class="english article">
                <p>Knowing the potential pitfalls within a child prodigy's world, and how to counter them, can significantly improve each girl and boy's chances for success with their double-edged gifts. And society will be more likely to benefit from their future contributions, whether in art, science, public service or wherever their brilliance leads them.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="teachercn article">
                <p>了解儿童天才内心世界的潜在陷阱，知道怎样去对付，能显著提高每个孩子用他们的双刃天赋获取成功的几率。社会将更有可能从他们未来的贡献中获益，无论是在艺术、科学、公共服务还是他们的才华引领的任何领域。</p>
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